Product assurance includes:
- software configuration management
- software quality assurance
- verification and validation
- testing
Of the four, the one whose necessity is most often acknowledged,
and under-budgeted, is testing. The other three are quite often dismissed as luxuries, as aspects of only large or expensive projects. The checks and balances these disciplines provide result in a significantly higher probability of producing a product that satisfies customer expectations and that is completed closer to schedule and cost goals. The key is to tailor the product assurance disciplines to the project in size, form, and content.
Reference:
Siegel, S., "Why We Need Checks and Balances to Assure Quality," Quality Time Column, IEEE Software, January 1992.